Additional Context: This information comes from a report produced by Inclusive Development Partners, or IDP, a research and technical assistance organization. Using a mixed-methods design under IRB approval from the University of Massachusetts Boston, the study triangulated a global survey of staff from 82 projects across 80 implementing organizations with key informant interviews and focus group discussions across eight countries where IDP had existing programs: Bangladesh, El Salvador, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Nepal, Nigeria, and Pakistan. Data collection took place between January and March 2026.

As noted by IDP in their research, the expenditures that could not be replaced include: assistive devices; specialized teacher training at scale; subsidies for medications benefiting persons with disabilities; salaries for volunteer teachers and healthcare workers; social protection benefits including cash transfers, disability grants, and case management; procurement of devices, medications, and printed materials; sign language interpreters; and data and technology systems including referral networks and disability-disaggregated data collection.

Source: Inclusive Development Partners